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U.3

NVMe drives use the PCI Express bus interface, allowing for maximum utilization of flash memory potential and providing the highest available SSD speeds. NVMe drives are several times faster than SAS and SATA. They are available in both 2.5" formats and as compact M.2.

SSD drives

All SSD drives operate on the principle of storing electrical charge in memory cells, which retain the data even after power is disconnected. These cells are grouped into blocks. The operating principle is similar across all SSDs, always defined by the technology of the memory cells, which primarily affect the lifespan and other properties of the drive. SSD drives are typically categorized by the bus used to connect them – most commonly SAS, SATA, or NVMe.

NVMe is currently the most widespread interface because it uses the multi-lane PCIe bus, enabling high read and write speeds. The maximum transfer speed is influenced by the bus, which allows us to roughly estimate the disk's speed. The bus speed depends on the PCIe generation and the number of lanes used – typically, 4 lanes are used, but there are also models with 8 and 2 lanes.

Version   Throughput by number of lines
Number of lines x1 x2 x4
PCI-E 1 0.250 GB/s 0.500 GB/s 1.000 GB/s
PCI-E 2 0.500 GB/s 1.000 GB/s 2.000 GB/s
PCI-E 3 0.985 GB/s 1.969 GB/s 3.938 GB/s
PCI-E 4 1.969 GB/s 3.938 GB/s 7.877 GB/s
PCI-E 5 3.938 GB/s 7.877 GB/s 15.754 GB/s
PCI-E 6 7.563 GB/s 15.125 GB/s 30.250 GB/s
PCI-E 7 15.125 GB/s 30.250 GB/s 60.500 GB/s

NVMe Drive Formats

When choosing an NVMe drive, it is important to consider the format – U.2, U.3, M.2, or EDSFF (E1, E3). Each format has specific physical implementation and typical usage in different systems with different interfaces, so it is essential to know the specifications of these formats and their compatibility before purchasing.

Backplane interface Bus Supported disk interfaces
SATA SATA SATA
SAS/SATA SAS/SATA SAS, SATA
U.2 SAS/SATA, PCI-e U.2, U.3, SATA, SAS
U.3 SAS/SATA, PCI-e U.3, SATA, SAS

U.2

These are 2.5" drives primarily intended for servers. Compared to M.2, they are significantly larger, allowing for capacities up to several hundred TB. Servers often support hot-swap, meaning the drive can be replaced while the system is running. U.2 ports on backplanes either allow only NVMe drives, or there are hybrid ports that can also accept SATA, SATA-E, or SAS drives. Available U.2 drive thicknesses are 7 mm and 15 mm, so the choice depends on the server's space availability.

U.3

U.3 is the successor to U.2, offering the advantage of supporting multiple protocols on a single slot – NVMe, SAS, and SATA. Thanks to this support for the same protocols, U.3 drives maintain backward compatibility with U.2 infrastructure and preserve the same dimensions and connection options. This compatibility makes it possible to plug a U.3 drive into a U.2 backplane interface. Compared to U.2, it offers simpler connections and flexibility when replacing drives.

M.2

The M.2 format is becoming more popular in laptops, desktops, and server environments, mainly due to its small size and relatively low acquisition costs. It is a module that usually connects directly to the motherboard or through an additional PCIe card. When selecting a drive, it is important to pay attention to the physical key of the slot. A major advantage of M.2 is its support for several interfaces – SATA, PCI-e (2x/4x), USB, etc. "Keys" on M.2 drives serve as a prevention against inserting the drive or card into an incompatible interface. Interface options are described in the table below.
A disadvantage of this format is limited capacity (max. 8 TB) and lower lifespan compared to U.2/U.3, as well as the absence of Hot-Swap technology. Typically, the drive is used for booting the system or as a cache disk.

Key "M.2" slot (MBD) Slot width (mm) Supported interfaces Can be equipped with drives
B 22, 30 SATA B a B+M
M 22 PCI-e (x2/x4) B a B+M
B+M 22 SATA i PCI-e B, M a B+M
A 16, 22, 30 PCI-e x2, USB, DP... A, A+E
E 16, 22, 30 PCI-e x2, USB, I2C E, A+E
A+E 30 PCI-e x2 a USB A, E, A+E

EDSFF

EDSFF (Enterprise and Datacenter SSD Form Factor) is a newer format designed for data center and server needs. It offers:
– better cooling,
– Hot-Swap support,
– and lower energy consumption.
All drives use the SFF-TA-1002 connector. The format is available in many form factors, resembling previous formats in size, but designed for high-end setups:

E1.S

The smallest in the EDSFF series, serving as a Hot-Swap alternative to M.2. It offers better cooling and larger capacities. It is available in 9.5 mm / 15 mm / 25 mm widths, which differ in passive cooler size and performance.

E1.L

A longer version of E1.S with the potential for even greater capacity. Suitable for energy-efficient servers requiring high performance and storage.

E3.S

Designed as a modern replacement for traditional 2.5” drives. While maintaining the same size, it offers more efficient cooling and higher power input. It is available in thicknesses of 7.5 mm and 16.8 mm (referred to as 2T) – the difference is again in the size of the passive cooler and power consumption.

E3.L

Similar to E1, this is a longer version of E3.S. It brings the benefits of the smaller model with the option for higher capacity and power input. It is also manufactured in two thicknesses (just like E3.S).

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Kioxia CM7-R 15.36TB NVMe GEN5 U.3 15mm 14 ...

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Capacity: 15.36TB BUS: NVMe GEN5 Format: U.3 15mm Speed: 14000 MBps (read) / 7000 MBps (write) Random Read (4K): 2400000 IOPS Random Entry (4K): 300000 IOPS Lifetime: 1 DWPD Technology: BiCS FLASH TLC
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Kioxia CM7-R 30.72TB NVMe GEN5 U.3 15mm 10 ...

new product
Capacity: 30.72TB BUS: NVMe GEN5 Format: U.3 15mm Speed: 10000 MBps (read) / 4900 MBps (write) Random Read (4K): 1600000 IOPS Random Entry (4K): 150000 IOPS Lifetime: 1 DWPD Technology: BiCS FLASH TLC
99 452 Kč ex VAT
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Western Digital Ultrastar DC SN655 3.84TB ...

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Capacity: 3.84TB BUS: NVMe GEN4 Format: U.3 15mm Speed: 6800 MBps (read) / 2600 MBps (write) Random Read (4K): 1000000 IOPS Random Entry (4K): 112000 IOPS Lifetime: 1 DWPD Technology: 3D TLC NAND
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Micron 7450 PRO 1.92TB PCIe 4.0 x4 U.3 15m ...

recommended
Capacity: 1.92 TB Format: U.3 15mm BUS: PCI-E 4.0 x4 Read speed: 6800 MBps Write speed: 2700 MBps Lifetime: 1 DWPD Technology: 3D TLC NAND
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Micron 6500 ION 30.72 TB NVMe GEN4 U.3 15m ...

Capacity: 30.72 TB BUS: NVMe GEN4 Format: U.3 15mm Speed: 6800 MBps (read) / 5000 MBps (write) Random Read (4K): 1000000 IOPS Random Entry (4K): 200000 IOPS Technology: 3D TLC
75 020 Kč ex VAT
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Micron 7450 PRO 15.36 TB NVMe GEN4 U.3 15m ...

Series: 7450 PRO Capacity: 15.36 TB Format: U.3 15mm BUS: NVMe GEN4 Read speed: 6800 MBps Write speed: 5600 MBps Random Read (4K): 1000 KIOPS Random Entry (4K): 250 KIOPS Lifetime: 1 DWPD Technology: 3D TLC NAND
68 521 Kč ex VAT
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Kioxia CM7-R 3.84TB NVMe GEN5 U.3 15mm 140 ...

Capacity: 3.84TB BUS: NVMe GEN5 Format: U.3 15mm Speed: 14000 MBps (read) / 6750 MBps (write) Random Read (4K): 2700000 IOPS Random Entry (4K): 310000 IOPS Lifetime: 1 DWPD Technology: BiCS FLASH TLC
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Micron 7500 MAX 12.8 TB NVMe GEN4 U.3 15mm ...

Series: 7500 MAX Capacity: 12.8 TB Format: U.3 15mm BUS: NVMe GEN4 Read speed: 7000 MBps Write speed: 5900 MBps Random Read (4K): 1100 KIOPS Random Entry (4K): 410 KIOPS Lifetime: 3 DWPD Technology: 3D TLC NAND
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Micron 9400 MAX 6.4 TB NVMe GEN4 U.3 15mm ...

Series: 9400 MAX Capacity: 6.4 TB Format: U.3 15mm BUS: NVMe GEN4 Read speed: 7000 MBps Write speed: 7000 MBps Random Read (4K): 1600 KIOPS Random Entry (4K): 600 KIOPS Lifetime: 3 DWPD Technology: TLC
43 179 Kč ex VAT
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Micron 7450 PRO 3.84TB PCIe 4.0 x4 U.3 15m ...

Capacity: 3.84 TB Format: U.3 15mm BUS: PCI-E 4.0 x4 Read speed: 6800 MBps Write speed: 5300 MBps Lifetime: 1 DWPD Technology: 3D TLC NAND
14 516 Kč ex VAT
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WD/HGST Ultrastar SN650 15.36TB NVMe PCIe4 ...

Capacity: 15.36 TB BUS: NVMe GEN4 Format: U.3 15mm Speed: 6600 MBps (read) / 2800 MBps (write) Random Read (4K): 970 000 IOPS Random Entry (4K): 109 000 IOPS Lifetime: 28 PBW
44 523 Kč ex VAT
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Kioxia CM7-R 7.68TB NVMe GEN5 U.3 15mm 140 ...

Capacity: 7.68TB BUS: NVMe GEN5 Format: U.3 15mm Speed: 14000 MBps (read) / 6750 MBps (write) Random Read (4K): 2450000 IOPS Random Entry (4K): 300000 IOPS Lifetime: 1 DWPD Technology: BiCS FLASH TLC
27 325 Kč ex VAT
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